Variants of Boundary Changes—A Case Study of Poland

The aim of this paper is to formulate a theoretical framework for the issue changes in administrative boundaries and systematize issues by selecting distinctive variants. Considering variety procedures forms boundary changes, case study conducted Poland. This analyzed provisions 271 decisions on granting city status from 2009–2022, which covered total 1887.8 km2. It was basis 31 variants eight categories: (1) formal legal, (2) territorial expansion; (3) unit status; (4) cadastral division; (5) tiers; (6) (7) frequency changes; (8) area. In addition, interactions that occur between different are demonstrated, main regularities identified. Boundary mainly application variant. introduction fast-track variant initiated an unprecedented wave restitution city’s status. Territorial expansion units occurs most frequently commune–city within third-tier (commune) units. Small-area, one-off annexations suburban zones cities parcel precinct dominate. results can be contextually applied comparative studies.